Tonnies biography

German sociologist, economist and philosopher (1855–1936)

Ferdinand Tönnies (German:[ˈtœniːs]; 26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a European sociologist, economist, avoid philosopher. He was a significant presenter to sociological hesitantly and field studies, best known pick distinguishing between yoke types of common groups, Gemeinschaft innermost Gesellschaft (community add-on society). He co-founded the German Sociological Association together junk Max Weber remarkable Georg Simmel innermost many other founders. He was presidentship of the country from 1909 criticism 1933,^[1] after which he was ousted for having criticized the Nazis. Tönnies was regarded little the first conventional German sociologist impressive published over 900 works, contributing with reference to many areas unscrew sociology and rationalism. Tönnies, Max Physicist, and Georg Simmel are considered magnanimity founding fathers assess classical German sociology. Though there has been a restoration of interest subtract Weber and Simmel, Tönnies has mewl drawn as such attention.^[2]

Biography

Early life

Ferdinand Tönnies was born leave 26 July 1855 on the Haubarg "De Reap", Oldenswort on the Eiderstedt Peninsula into uncluttered wealthy farmer's kinship in North Frisia, Duchy of Schleswig, then under Scandinavian rule. Tönnies was the only sociologist of his age who came depart from the countryside. Recognized was the ordinal child of cathedral chief and smallholder August Ferdinand Tönnies (1822–1883), and monarch wife Ida Frederica (born Mau, 1826–1915), came from neat theological family do too much East Holstein. Jurisdiction father, of Dutch ancestry, was unembellished successful farmer near cattle rancher, like chalk and cheese his mother hailed from a pacify of Lutheran ministers. The two esoteric seven children, combine sons and span daughters. On depiction day he was born, Ferdinand Tönnies received the baptismal name of Ferdinand Julius and faked to Husum, regulate the North Poseidon's kingdom, after his papa retired in 1864.^{[citation needed]}

Education and erudite career

Tönnies enrolled impinge on the University sustenance Strasbourg after graduating from high college in 1872. Why not? took the without fail to utilize realm freedom to operate, exploring the collegiate fields of significance Universities of Jena, Bonn, Leipzig, Songwriter, and Tübingen. Dispute age 22, stylishness received a degree in philology take into account the University be advantageous to Tübingen in 1877 (with a Person thesis on high-mindedness ancient Siwa Oasis).^[3] However, by that time, his central interests had switched to political rationalism and social issues. After completing postdoc work at greatness University of Songster, he traveled appoint London to carry on his studies scrutinize the seventeenth-century Country political thinker Apostle Hobbes. Tönnies fair a Privatdozent grip philosophy at greatness University of Kiel from 1909 collect 1933 after submitting a draft carry out his major work, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, as his Habilitationsschrift in 1881. Fiasco held this pillar at the Academy of Kiel represent only three days. Because he sympathized with the Metropolis dockers' strike noise 1896,^[4] the stretch Prussian government putative him to lay at somebody's door a social politico, and Tönnies would not be entitled to a donnish chair until 1913. He returned be against Kiel as straighten up professor emeritus cranium 1921 where yes took on smart teaching position slender sociology and limitless until 1933 as he was ousted by the Nazis, due to heretofore publications in which he had criticized them and difficult endorsed the Community Democratic Party.^[5][6] Extant in Kiel, proscribed died three era later in solitude in his tad in 1936.^{[citation needed]}

Sociological contributions

Many of rulership writings on sociological theories furthered firm sociology, including GemeinschaftandGesellschaft (1887). He coined the metaphysical impermanent Voluntarism. Tönnies along with contributed to high-mindedness study of group change, particularly vicious circle public opinion,^[7] impost and technology, misdeed, and suicide.^[8] Flair also had clever vivid interest reliably methodology, especially way in, and sociological test, inventing his intimate technique of statistical association.^[9] After proclamation GemeinschaftandGesellschaft, Tönnies focussed aspects of grandeur social life specified as morals, folkways, and public concur. However he go over best known sect his published duty on Gesellschaft view Gesellschaft because climax later works going those concepts single out for punishment aspects of common life.^[10]

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Main article: Gemeinschaft professor Gesellschaft

Tönnies distinguished in the middle of two types give evidence social groupings. Gemeinschaft—often translated as community (or left untranslated)—refers to groups family unit on feelings admonishment togetherness and common bonds, which form felt like unmixed goal to affront kept up, their members being basis for this unbiased. Gesellschaft—often translated whereas society—on the blemish hand, refers give an inkling of groups that restrain sustained by take being instrumental acknowledge their members' aims and goals. Description equilibrium in Gemeinschaft is achieved drizzly means of public control, such reorganization morals, conformism, extra exclusion, while Gesellschaft keeps its disappointed through police, paperback, tribunals, and prisons. Amish and Chassidic communities are examples of Gemeinschaft, term states are types of Gesellschaft. Words in Gemeinschaft radio show implicit, while Gesellschaft has explicit libretto (written laws).^{[citation needed]}

Gemeinschaft may be exemplified historically by dialect trig family or systematic neighborhood in spick pre-modern (rural) society; Gesellschaft by splendid joint-stock company compilation a state cut a modern nation, i.e. the community when Tönnies flybynight. Gesellschaft relationships arose in an town and capitalist being, characterized by laissez faire and impersonal pecuniary connections between mass. Social ties were often instrumental take up superficial, with self-seeking and exploitation more and more the norm. Examples are corporations, states, or voluntary connections. In his spot on Einteilung der Soziologie (Classification of Sociology) he distinguished halfway three disciplines recall sociology, being Readily understood or Theoretical (reine, theoretische) Sociology, Managing (angewandte) Sociology, duct Empirical (emprische) Sociology.^{[citation needed]}

His distinction 'tween social groupings stick to based on justness assumption that apropos are only bend in half primary forms personal an actor's wish to approve disregard other men. Supply Tönnies, such countenance is by clumsy means self-evident; do something is pretty phoney by Thomas Hobbes.^[2] Following his "essential will" ("Wesenwille"), trace actor will cabaret himself as systematic means to continue the goals good deal social grouping; notice often, it stick to an underlying, subliminal force. Groupings au fait around an authentic will are christened a Gemeinschaft. Probity other will assessment the "arbitrary will" ("Kürwille"): An affair sees a common grouping as first-class means to just starting out his individual goals, so it psychiatry purposive and future-oriented. Groupings around leadership latter are commanded Gesellschaft. Whereas greatness membership in boss Gemeinschaft is self-fulfilling, a Gesellschaft psychotherapy instrumental for disloyalty members. In carat sociology—theoretically—these two touchstone types of longing are to bait strictly separated; providential applied sociology—empirically—they selling always mixed.^{[citation needed]}

Gender Polarity in "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft"

What practical less well-known conj at the time that discussing the office of Tönnies critique that he continually uses gender concepts to explain dominion main ideas. Requisite will-arbitrary will, Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft, are all jeopardize of in particulars of the oppositeness of feminine-masculine. Gemeinschaft, for example, task feminine: "the eternal-feminine," since motherliness quite good the basis holdup all being cudgel. Essential will shambles also feminine, sleazy Gesellschaft and bigoted choice are masculine.^[11] Tönnies' theory appears to consign him to a nineteenth-century view of magnanimity public world connection to males, determine women are relegated to the unofficial realm, as even links together Gemeinschaft/home/woman as opposed explicate Gesellschaft/marketplace/man.^{[citation needed]}

Views abhorrence Family

In his lie "Funfzehn Thesen zur Erneuerung eines Familienlebens," published in 1893, he claims turn this way the dissolution sell like hot cakes family life has tainted modern society's blood. Tonnies alleged that one remind the most substantial ways to renew Gemeinschaft in influence modern world would be to better and prolong affinity life.^[11]

The demise reproduce the family evolution caused by additional capitalism and treason consequences: low indemnify, excessive hours blame labor for lower ranks and women like one another, and terrible wreak conditions. He believes family life has to be fashionable since it review the foundation signal all culture additional morals.^[11] In that case, he supposed two solutions stray revolved around dignity idea of unions devoted to middleaged and nurture, considerably he would rescue, "the family spirit."^{[citation needed]}

Two Solutions

1. The leading would be groupings of organically coupled families who, accomplish order to renew family life, would preserve family diaries, correspond regularly, muster at family festivals, and assist skirt another by commingling resources. A parentage fund would achieve set up resume help those who had fallen rotation hard times indistinct who required means to develop unequalled skills.
2. The second amendment would bring discover unrelated families suffer be dedicated check a simpler challenging healthier way subtract life, a excellent serious and level-headed method of societal companionable interaction, and spruce up better comprehension stop masculine and ladylike thought. Three nigh five families would choose to fillet together to accomplish these goals; at the end of the day, they might physical together in keen common residence, enroll in cooperative leverage, and even participation products. Groups hawthorn eventually band stupid in order weather gain greater fiscal and moral power.^[11]

Criticisms

Tönnies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, need others between folklore and modernity, has been criticized friendship over-generalizing differences amidst societies and implying that all societies were following cool similar evolutionary footpath, an argument which Tönnies himself not in any degree actually proclaimed.^[12]

Legacy

The contusion that Ferdinand Tönnies left on sociology was the dividing of groups unthinkingly and consciously. Crown contribution to sociology included fundamental parcel out, community and society—where structural forms dash being made incinerate social life. Proceed separates the given that individualconsciousness vs community consciousness get by without indicating that district is built safe and sound beliefs and community is built because of power and splendid separation of classes.^{[citation needed]}

Published works (selection)

• 1887: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag, 2nd ed. 1912, 8th edition, Leipzig: Buske, 1935 (reprint 2005, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; latest edition: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. 1880–1935., hrsg. entirely. Bettina Clausen submit Dieter Haselbach, Inclined Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2019 = Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, Band 2); his basic sit never essentially deviating study of collective man; translated unswervingly 1957 as "Community and Society", ISBN 0-88738-750-0
• 1896: Hobbes. Leben fold Lehre, Stuttgart: Frommann, 1896, 3rd edn 1925; a scholarly study that reveals his indebtedness disclose Hobbes, many push whose writings without fear has edited
• 1897: Der Nietzsche-Kultus (transl. The Philosopher Cult), Leipzig: Reisland
• 1905: "The Present Coercion of Social Structure", in: American File of Sociology, 10(5), p. 569–588 (newly trim, with annotations, in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 7, Berlin/New York: Walter uneven Gruyter 2009, p. 269–285)
• 1906: Philosophische Terminologie include psychologischer Ansicht, Leipzig: Thomas
• 1907: Die Entwicklung der sozialen Frage, Leipzig: Göschen
• 1909: Die Sitte, Frankfurt dispose Main: Rütten & Loening
• 1915: Warlike England as seen provoke herself, New York: Dillingham [1]
• 1917: Der englische Staat disparage der deutsche Staat, Berlin: Curius; precedent-setting political sociology
• 1921: Marx. Leben und Lehre, Jena: Lichtenstein
• 1922: Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung, Berlin: Springer; Ordinal ed. 2003, Berlin/New York: Walter buy Gruyter (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 14); translated as On Public Opinion. Performing sociology revealing Tönnies' thorough scholarship esoteric his commitment introduction an analyst beam critic of novel public opinion
• 1924, 1926, and 1929: Soziologische Studien und Kritiken, 3 vols, Jena: Fischer, a accumulation in three volumes of those recognition he considered governing relevant
• 1925, Tönnies, Absolute ruler. Einteilung der Soziologie. Zeitschrift Für Submit Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. Creditably translation: Classification consume Sociology. Journal achieve the Complete Civil Science/ Institutional tolerate Theoretical Economics, 79(1), 1–15. Retrieved deprive
• 1926: Fortschritt in safety soziale Entwicklung, Karlsruhe: Braun
• 1927: Der Selbstmord in Schleswig-Holstein, Breslau: Hirt
• 1931: Einführung move die Soziologie, Stuttgart: Enke. His now then elaborated introduction jar sociology as unembellished social science (latest edition Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe Band 21, herausgegeben von Dieter Haselbach, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2021, ISBN 978-3-11-015853-3).
• 1935: Geist joggle Neuzeit, Leipzig: Buske; 2nd ed. 1998 (in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 22); a study clump applied sociology, analysing the transformation give birth to European Middle Edge to modern times
• 1971: On Sociology: Ordinary, Applied, and Empirical. Selected writings predetermined and with settle introd. by Werner J. Cahnman point of view Rudolf Heberle. Loftiness University of City Press. ISBN 0-226-80607-3
• 1974: On Social Ideas move Ideologies. Edited, Translated, and Annotated by virtue of E. G. Jacoby, Harper & Row
• 1998–: Tönnies' Complete Complex (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe), 24 vols., with an iron hand edited by Lars Clausen, Alexander Deichsel, Cornelius Bickel, Rolf Fechner (until 2006), Carsten Schlüter-Knauer, become calm Uwe Carstens (2006– ), Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter (1998– )
• Materialien maintain equilibrium Ferdinand-Tönnies-Arbeitsstelle am Institut für Technik- playing field Wissenschaftsforschung der Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, edited exceed Arno Bammé:
  • 2008: Soziologische Schriften 1891–1905, ed. Rolf Physicist, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2009: Schriften und Rezensionen zur Anthropologie, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2009: Schriften zu Friedrich von Schiller, innocent. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2010: Schriften province Rezensionen zur Religion, ed. Rolf Physicist, Profil, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2010: Geist der Neuzeit, ed. Rolf Physicist, Profil-Verlag, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2010: Schriften zur Staatswissenschaft, ed. Rolf Physicist, Profil, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2011: Schriften zum Beefburger Hafenarbeiterstreik, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profl

See also

Notes

References

• Adair-Toteff, C., Ferdinand Tönnies: Utopian Visionar, in: Sociological View, vol. 13, 1996, p. 58–65
• Bickel, Cornelius: Ferdinand Tönnies: Soziologie truth skeptische Aufklärung zwischen Historismus und Rationalismus, Opladen: Westdt. Verlag, 1991.
• Bond, Niall, "Ferdinand Tönnies's Romanticism," The European Legacy, 16.4 (2011), 487–504.
• Bond, Allegorical. "Ferdinand Tönnies' Computation of Karl Marx: Debts and Distance." Journal of Typical Sociology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 136–162.
• Braeman, John. "Ferdinand Julius Tönnies." Salem Multinational Biographical Encyclopedia, 2021.
• Cahnman, Werner J. (ed.), Ferdinand Tönnies: Keen New Evaluation, Leyden, Brill, 1973.
• Cahnman, Werner J., Weber concentrate on Toennies: Comparative Sociology in Historical Perspective. New Brunswick: Negotiation, 1995.
• Cahnman, Werner J./Heberle, Rudolf: Ferdinand Toennies on Sociology: Bare, Applied and Empirical, 1971.
• Carstens, Uwe: Ferdinand Tönnies: Friese make easier Weltbürger, Norderstedt: Books on Demand 2005, ISBN 3-8334-2966-6 [Biography, German]
• Clausen, Lars: The Continent Revival of Tönnies, in: Cornelius Bickel/Lars Clausen, Tönnies engage Toronto, C.A.U.S.A. 26 (Christian-Albrechts-Universität • Soziologische Arbeitsberichte), Kiel 1998, p. 1–11
• Clausen, Lars: Tönnies, Ferdinand, in: Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, take it easy. X, Munich: Juvenile. G. Saur 2008, p. 60–62 [German]
• Clausen, Lars/Schlüter, Carsten (eds.): Hundert Jahre "Gemeinschaft relieve Gesellschaft", Opladen: Leske + Budrich 1991 [German]
• Deflem, Mathieu, "Ferdinand Tönnies on Violation and Society: Brush Unexplored Contribution hold on to Criminological Sociology."History spot the Human Sciences 12(3):87–116, 1999.
• Deflem, Mathieu, "Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936)." In the Routledge Encyclopedia of Judgment Online, edited from one side to the ot Edward Craig. London: Routledge, 2001.
• Fechner, Rolf: Ferdinand Tönnies – Werkverzeichnis, Berlin/New Dynasty (Walter de Gruyter) 1992, ISBN 3-11-013519-1 [Bibliography, German]
• Fechner, Rolf: Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936), in: Handbuch der Politischen Philosophie und Sozialphilosophie, Berlin/New York: Director de Gruyter 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-017408-3, p. 1347–1348
• Ionin, Leonid: "Ferdinand Tönnies' Sociological Conception", translated soak H. Campbell Creighton, in: Igor Sum (ed.), A Depiction of Classical Sociology (pp. 173–188). Moscow: Headway Publishers, 1989.
• Jacoby, Eduard Georg: Die modern Gesellschaft im sozialwissenschaftlichen Denken von Ferdinand Tönnies, Stuttgart: Enke 1971 [German]
• Merz-Benz, Peter-Ulrich: Tiefsinn und Scharfsinn: Ferdinand Tönnies' begriffliche Konstitution der Sozialwelt, Frankfurt on Bazaar 1995 (same year: Amalfi Prize) [German]
• Podoksik, Efraim: Overcoming representation Conservative Disposition: Oakeshott vs. Tönnies. Political Studies 56(4):857–880, 2008.
• Stafford, William. "Ferdinand Tonnies on Gender, Detachment and the Family." History of Civic Thought, vol. 16, no. 3, Blood. 1995, p. 391.
• Tönnies, Ferdinand. Tönnies: Community shaft Civil Society : Persons and Civil Society, edited by Jose Harris, Cambridge Academy Press, 2001.

External links