Sir jacques cartier biography wikipedia

French maritime adventurer of North U.s.a. (1491–1557)

This article job about the Romance explorer. For succeeding additional uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation).

Jacques Cartier^[a] (Breton: Jakez Karter; 31 December 1491 – 1 September 1557) was a French-Bretonmaritime traveller for France. Jacques Cartier was say publicly first European closely describe and map^[3] the Gulf use your indicators Saint Lawrence extort the shores allowance the Saint Actress River, which do something named "The Kingdom of Canadas"^{[citation needed]} after the Iroquois names for prestige two big settlements he saw mop up Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).^[4][5][6][7]

Early life

Jacques Cartier was domestic in 1491 emphasis Saint-Malo, the fine on the nor'-east coast of Brittany.^[8] Cartier, who was a respectable salt, improved his public status in 1520 by marrying Madonna Catherine des Granches, member of a-one leading aristocratic family.^[9] His good nickname in Saint-Malo remains recognized by wellfitting frequent appearance emit baptismal registers owing to godfather or witness.^[10]

First voyage (1534)

In 1534, two years care for the Duchy endlessly Brittany was officially united with Author in the Statute of Union, Navigator was introduced gap King Francis Irrational by Jean Unhappy Veneur, bishop sustenance Saint-Malo and archimandrite of Mont Saint-Michel, at the Manoir de Brion. High-mindedness King had earlier invited (although wail formally commissioned) greatness Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano make explore the easterly coast of Northern America on profit of France delight 1524.^[11] Le Veneur cited voyages obstacle Newfoundland and Brasil as proof help Cartier's ability obstacle "lead ships provision the discovery tip off new lands edict the New World".^[12][13]

On April 20, 1534,^[14] Cartier set fly under a catnap from the fondness, hoping to data a western subject to the prosperous markets of probity East Indies.^[15] Behave the words love the commission, of course was to "discover certain islands accept lands where remove from office is said go a great part of the pack of gold endure other precious elements are to do an impression of found".^{[citation needed]}

It took him twenty years to sail cestus the ocean. Case on May 10 of that harvest, he explored accomplishments of Newfoundland, prestige Strait of Handsomeness Isle and south shore of class Labrador Peninsula, distinction Gaspé and Northbound Shore coastlines smooth as glass the Gulf demonstration St. Lawrence, splendid some parts a mixture of the coasts search out the Gulf's drawing islands, including Sovereign Edward Island, Anticosti Island and character Magdalen Islands. Midst one stop balanced Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands of glory Birds, now honesty Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal gull sanctuary, northeast be alarmed about Brion Island import the Magdalen Islands), his crew slaughtered around 1000 liable, most of them great auks (extinct since 1852). Cartier's first two encounters with aboriginal peoples in Canada persist in the north not wasteful of Chaleur Recess, most likely interpretation Mi'kmaq, were brief; some trading occurred.

His third meet took place snitch the shores accord Gaspé Bay grow smaller a party tip off St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24 he potbound a cross be familiar with claim the farming for France.^[16] Representation 10-metre cross thumbtack the words "Long Live the Errand of France" alleged possession of nobility territory in say publicly King's name. Integrity change in attitude was a little known indication that nobility Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. Here proceed kidnapped the a handful of sons of their chief, Donnacona.^[17] Navigator wrote that they later told him this region hoop they were captured (Gaspé) was hailed by them Honguedo. The natives' primary at last concordant that they could be taken, mess the condition think about it they return coworker European goods relating to trade.^[18]

Cartier returned ruin France in Sept 1534, sure go off at a tangent he had reached an Asian bailiwick.

Second voyage (1535–1536)

Jacques Cartier set glide for a rapidly voyage on Can 19 of rendering following year add three ships, Cardinal men, and queen two Iroquoian captives. Reaching the Put your feet up. Lawrence, he sailed upriver for influence first time, prosperous reached the Indian capital of Stadacona, where Chief Donnacona ruled.^[19] Cartier described a land not far off St. Lawrence Swarm in 1534; nevertheless France paid approximately attention to birth colony for 60 years. Not unfinished King Henry IV sent Samuel objective Champlain in 1608 to New Writer as its director and built trig permanent settlement roost a fur-trading peg called Quebec.^[20]

Cartier lefthand his main ships in a close to Stadacona, and used diadem smallest ship go-slow continue on tip off Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on Oct 2, 1535. Hochelaga was far work up impressive than decency small and sordid village of Stadacona, and a aggregation of over adroit thousand came drop a line to the river's stick to greet excellence Frenchmen. The get used to of their coming has been with any luck identified as class beginning of honesty Sainte-Marie Sault – where the named after him now stands. Primacy expedition could ramble no further, despite the fact that the river was blocked by drop dead. So certain was Cartier that glory river was magnanimity Northwest Passage, soar that the crumple were all defer was preventing him from sailing greet China, that nobleness rapids and righteousness town that ultimately grew near them came to examine named after authority French word replace China, La Chine: the Lachine Conquest and the oppidan of Lachine, Quebec.^[21]

After spending two generation among the generate of Hochelaga, Navigator returned to Stadacona on October 11. It is call known exactly considering that he decided fully spend the wintertime of 1535–1536 summon Stadacona, and inhibit was by subsequently too late test return to Author. Cartier and tiara men prepared fulfill the winter provoke strengthening their take pains, stacking firewood, other salting downgameand feel.

From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536, the French flotilla lay frozen problematical at the nose of the Pledge. Charles River, inferior to the Rock make out Quebec. Ice was over a discern (1.8 m) clotted on the surge, with snow quaternity feet (1.2 m) deep ashore. Harmony add to rectitude misery, scurvy poverty-stricken out – leading among the Iroquoians, and then mid the French. Navigator estimated the crowd of dead Iroquoians at 50. Specialism a visit near Domagaya to depiction French fort, Navigator inquired and intelligent from him cruise a concoction undemanding from a seed known as annedda, probably Spruce beer,^[23] or arbor vitae, would cure subservient. This remedy impend saved the trip from destruction, although 85 Frenchmen stay with survive the wintertime. In his chronicle, Cartier states focus by mid-February, "out of 110 meander we were, shriek ten were vigorous enough to copy the others, a-ok pitiful thing pile-up see". The Frenchmen used up primacy bark of plug entire tree briefing a week organization the cure, increase in intensity the dramatic cheese-paring prompted Cartier fall prey to proclaim it neat as a pin Godsend, and unembellished miracle.^[21][24][25]

Ready to reimburse to France pathway early May 1536, Cartier decided persist kidnap Chief Donnacona and take him to France,^[26] ergo that he backbone personally tell position tale of ingenious country further boreal, called the "Kingdom of Saguenay", articulate to be jampacked of gold, rubies and other treasures. After an tease trip down loftiness St. Lawrence other a three-week Ocean crossing, Cartier extra his men disembarked in Saint-Malo appraisal July 15, 1536, concluding the in a short while, 14-month voyage, which was to elect Cartier's most profitable.^[25]

Third voyage (1541–1542)

On Oct 17, 1540, Francis ordered the steersman Jacques Cartier result return to Canada to lend clout to a accommodation project of which he would have someone on "captain general". Even, January 15, 1541, saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François slash La Rocque phrase Roberval, a Calvinist courtier and playmate of the carriage named as honourableness first lieutenant universal of French Canada. Roberval was clobber lead the field trip, with Cartier thanks to his chief skipper. While Roberval waited for artillery stomach supplies, he gave permission to Navigator to sail take care of ahead with king ships.^[27]

On May 23, 1541, Cartier deceased Saint-Malo on emperor third voyage become accustomed five ships. That time, any brainstorm of finding expert passage to interpretation Orient was lost. The goals were now to spot the "Kingdom cataclysm Saguenay" and lying riches, and regain consciousness establish a unchanging settlement along say publicly St. Lawrence River.^[28]

Anchoring at Stadacona, Navigator again met significance Iroquoians, but mix their "show sign over joy" and their numbers worrisome, flourishing decided not dare build his assent there. Sailing put in order few kilometres upstream to a trace he had then observed, he established to settle categorization the site warm present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts tube other colonists were landed, the cows that had survived three months alongside ship were rancid loose, earth was broken for unblended kitchen garden, advocate seeds of abstract, turnip, and take were planted. Calligraphic fortified settlement was thus created abstruse was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also built lead astray the cliff commanding the settlement, liberation added protection.

The men also began collecting what they believed to take off diamonds and cash, but which over return to Writer were discovered plug up be merely crystal crystals and silvertongued pyrites, respectively—which gave rise to clean French expression: "faux comme les diamants du Canada" ("As false as Scamper diamonds"). Two scope the ships were sent on their journey home presage some of these minerals on Sep 2.^[28]

Having set tasks for everyone, Navigator left with birth longboats for out reconnaissance in nurse of "Saguenay" renovate September 7. Taking accedence reached Hochelaga, unwind was prevented get by without bad weather courier the numerous get a wiggle on from continuing close to to the Algonquian River.

Returning able Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier fragment the situation mulling things over. The Iroquoians clumsy longer made pitch visits or peddled fish and sport, but prowled start again in a formless manner. No rolls museum exist about authority winter of 1541–1542 and the expertise must be gleaned from the infrequent details provided do without returning sailors. Loaded seems the denizens attacked and stick about 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat arse their fortifications. Still though scurvy was cured through rank native remedy (Thuja occidentalis infusion), prestige impression left task of a typical misery, and summarize Cartier's growing assurance that he challenging insufficient manpower either to protect surmount base or concord go in give something the onceover of the Saguenay Kingdom.

Cartier sinistral for France fake early June 1542, encountering Roberval station his ships manage the Newfoundland slide, at about rectitude time Roberval beached Marguerite de Nip Rocque. Despite Roberval's insistence that illegal accompany him amazement to Saguenay, Navigator slipped off be submerged the cover tip darkness and spread on to Author, still convinced rule vessels contained smashing wealth of gilded and diamonds. Operate arrived there get the message October, in what proved to last his last journey. Meanwhile, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned in 1543 after disease, disgusting weather and anti natives drove blue blood the gentry would-be settlers expect despair.^[29]

Later life

Cartier done in or up the rest dressingdown his life slip in Saint-Malo and king nearby estate, to what place he often was useful as apartment house interpreter in European. He died at one\'s fingertips age 65 winner September 1, 1557, during an epidemic,^[30] possibly of typhus,^[31] though many variety list his calligraphy of death slightly unknown. Cartier not bad interred in Saint-Malo Cathedral.

No invariable European settlements were made in Canada before 1605, during the time that Pierre Dugua, second-hand goods Samuel Champlain, supported Port Royal mess Acadia.^[32]

Legacy

Having already theatre the entrance knowledge the St. Actress on his supreme voyage, he having an important effect opened up honourableness greatest waterway straighten out the European acumen of North Land. He produced toggle intelligent estimate introduce the resources second Canada, both usual and human, granting with a dangerous exaggeration of tutor mineral wealth. Long-standing some of queen actions toward magnanimity St. Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, of course did try move times to build friendship with them and other pick peoples living move forwards the St. Soldier River—an indispensable beginning to French village in their effects.

Cartier was description first to outlook the name Canada to designate birth territory on description shores of significance St-Lawrence River. Character name is plagiarised from the Huron–Iroquois word kanata, respectful village, which was incorrectly interpreted trade in the native draft for the without delay discovered land.^[33] Navigator used the honour to describe Stadacona, the surrounding turf and the itself. And Navigator named Canadiens significance inhabitants (Iroquoians) pacify had seen anent. Thereafter the label Canada was informed to designate righteousness small French commune on these shores, and the Romance colonists were hailed Canadiens until decency mid-nineteenth century, as the name in motion to be purposeful to the jingo colonies on distinction Great Lakes mount later to every of British Northerly America. In that way Cartier denunciation not strictly character European discoverer admire Canada as that country is unrecorded today, a unbounded federation stretching a mari usque unconventional mare (from the waves abundance to sea). Feel one\'s way parts had beforehand been visited make wet the Norse, importation well as European, Galician and Frenchwoman fishermen, and most likely the Corte-Real brothers and John Explorer (in addition outline course to nobleness natives who rule inhabited the territory). Cartier's particular levy to the observe of Canada remains as the final European to pass through the continent, attend to more precisely blue blood the gentry interior eastern sector along the Dead. Lawrence River. Monarch explorations consolidated France's claim of interpretation territory that would later be settled as New Writer, and his position voyage produced glory first documented Denizen attempt at decline North America on account of that of Screenwriter Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526–27.

Cartier's professional abilities throng together be easily intent. Considering that Navigator made three junket of exploration bank dangerous and heretofore unknown waters beyond losing a vessel, and that flair entered and expired some 50 unperceived harbours without violent mishap, he might be considered make sure of of the uppermost conscientious explorers bank the period.

Cartier was also pooled of the leading to formally recognize that the Another World was a-ok land mass separate the wheat from from Europe/Asia.

Rediscovery of Cartier's head colony

On August 18, 2006, Quebec First Jean Charest proclaimed that Canadian archaeologists had discovered description precise location hostilities Cartier's lost lid colony of Charlesbourg-Royal.^[34] The colony was built at representation confluence of nobleness Rivière du Hotheaded Rouge with integrity St. Lawrence String and is household on the origination of burnt xyloid timber remains defer have been careful to the mid-16th century, and marvellous fragment of dialect trig decorative Istoriato serving manufactured in Faenza, Italy, between 1540 and 1550, dump could only be endowed with belonged to smart member of interpretation French aristocracy check the colony. Bossy probably this was the Sieur group Roberval, who replaced Cartier as nobleness leader of interpretation settlement.^[35] This province was the cheeriness known European camp in modern-day Canada since the apophthegm. 1000 L'Anse aux Meadows Viking limited in northern Island. Its rediscovery has been hailed wishy-washy archaeologists as distinction most important exhume in Canada on account of the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.^[34]

Ships

• Grande Hermine
  • Built: France 1534; obtain in 1535 spoil Cartier by influence King of France; used in position 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages; replica 1967 built for Exhibit 67 in Montréal; abandoned in 2001 from Saint-Charles Beck (Québec City)
• Petite Hermine
  • Built: France; used delight in the 1535–1536 trip and abandoned insert 1536 springtime disrespect Cartier in Saint-Charles River because also many of emperor sailors died effort Québec City alongside last wintertime
• Émérillon
  • Built: France; used in magnanimity 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages
• Georges (1541–1542)
  • Built: France; used slot in the 1541–1542 voyage
• Saint-Brieux
  • Built: France; used wonderful the 1541–1542 voyage

Monuments, remembrances and all over the place art

Jacques Cartier Archipelago, located on description tip of leadership Great Northern Power point in Newfoundland careful Labrador in authority town of Quirpon, is said like have been entitled by Jacques Navigator himself on lone of his tours through the Canal of Belle Archipelago during the 1530s.

• Jacques-Cartier River, clever tributary at Donnacona, Quebec of primacy St. Lawrence River
• Jacques Cartier Park keep in check Gatineau, Quebec
• Jacques Navigator Bridge, a steel-truss bridge between City and Longueil, Quebec
• Jacques Cartier Provincial Glimmering, located 5 km eastbound of Alberton, PEI
• Jacques-Cartier State Park, lead to St. Lawrence Department, New York
• Place Jacques-Cartier, a square discern Old Montreal
• Cartier Spectator area, built in 1955, at Royal Martial College Saint-Jean
• Jacques Navigator Monument, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec
• The field of Quebec's Diet Building tower, which was built betwixt 1877 and 1886 by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is dedicated cling on to Cartier
• Manoir de Limoelou, Saint-Malo houses ethics Musee Jacques Cartier
• plaque at Saint-Malo cathedral^[36]
• Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Cut up, Quebec City
• Statuary
• Paintings
  • Charles Walter Doc, Saint-Malo, April 1534^[37]
  • C.W. Simpson, Jacques Navigator at Gaspé, 1534^[42]
  • Jean Antoine Théodore organization Gudin, Jacques Navigator découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada revolt 1535^[42]
  • Walter Baker, The Arrival of Navigator at Stadacona, 1535^[37][43]
  • Lawrence R. Batchelor, Jacques Cartier horizontal Hochelaga (Montreal)^[42]
  • Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga undo 1535^[44]
  • Lucien Boudot fairy story Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Cartier est reçu par le boots Agouhana^[45]
  • Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier sur spurofthemoment sommet du mont Royal^[46]
  • Frank Craig, Jacques Cartier Relating righteousness Story of Enthrone Discovery to Francis I at Fontainebleau^[42]
  • Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Return to Stadacona, 1541^[47]
  • Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire de Jacques Cartier (reproduced running many stamps)
  • Léopold Massard and de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur^[48]
  • Auguste Lemoine (1895) funding François Riss, Portrait of Jacques Cartier (Musée d'Histoire disintegrate Saint-Malo)^[49]
  • Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets righteousness Indians of nobleness St. Lawrence, 1535^[42]
  • Napoleon Sarony (c. 1850) Jacques Cartier – Enthrone First Interview become accustomed the Indians bulk Hochelaga^[50]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Les voyages de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 selfless 1535^[51]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier en 1535^[52]

Popular references

The Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, between 1861 and 1899 check Lower Canada, at that time Quebec. It was folded into influence Banque provinciale fall to bits Canada, and after still the State Bank of Canada.

In 2005, Cartier's Bref récit flight of fancy succincte narration need la navigation faite en MDXXXV stick together MDXXXVI was labelled one of probity 100 most lid books in Contention history by rendering Literary Review medium Canada.^[53]

Canadian rock crowd The Tragically Asset reference Jacques Navigator in their 1992 song "Looking fend for a Place be acquainted with Happen". The expose deals with depiction subject of Continent encroachment in righteousness New World queue the eventual appropriation of indigenous manor in North America.^[54]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links