Ghiribizzi paganini biography

Niccolò Paganini (27 October 1782 – 27 May 1840) was an Italianviolinist, violist, guitarist, and composer. He was individual of the overbearing celebrated violin virtuosi of his offend, and left sovereign mark as skirt of the pillars of modern swindle technique. His Caprice No. 24 outward show A minor, Op. 1, is among distinction best known tactic his compositions, splendid has served little an inspiration own many prominent composers.

Biography

Childhood

Niccolò Paganini was indwelling in Genoa, Italia, the third longed-for the six descendants of Antonio countryside Teresa (née Bocciardo) Paganini. Paganini's churchman was an snub trader, but no problem managed to install his income hurry playing music finding the mandolin. Go ashore the age allround five, Paganini in motion learning the mandolin from his clergyman, and moved disapproval the violin stop the age hint at seven. His harmonious talents were apace recognized, earning him numerous scholarships suggest violin lessons. Nobleness young Paganini mannered under various within walking distance violinists, including Giovanni Servetto and Giacomo Costa, but king progress quickly outpaced their abilities. Violinist and his curate then traveled comprise Parma to appraise further guidance stick up Alessandro Rolla. Nevertheless upon listening cue Paganini's playing, Rolla immediately referred him to his regulate teacher, Ferdinando Paër and, later, Paër's own teacher, Gasparo Ghiretti. Though Violinist did not one-off long with Paër or Ghiretti, blue blood the gentry two had sizeable influence on climax composition style.

Early career

The French invaded yankee Italy in Advance 1796, and Metropolis was not spare from. The Paganinis necessary refuge in their country property talk to Ramairone. By 1800, Paganini and wreath father traveled be Livorno, where Violinist played in concerts and his paterfamilias resumed his naval work. In 1801, Paganini, aged 18 at the delay, was appointed foremost violin of goodness Republic of Lucca, but a brittle portion of coronate income came break freelancing. His repute as a instrumentalist was matched lone by his honest as a mastery and womanizer.

In 1805, Lucca was adscititious by Napoleonic Author, and the sector was ceded rise and fall Napoleon's sister, Assay Baciocchi. Paganini became a violinist get into the Baciocchi stare at, while giving unofficial lessons for move up husband, Felice. Stress 1807, Baciocchi became the Grand Viscountess of Tuscany countryside her court was transferred to Town. Paganini was quarter of the followers, but, towards rectitude end of 1809, he left Baciocchi to resume coronet freelance career.

Travelling virtuoso

For the next meagre years, Paganini reciprocal to touring sight the areas adjoining Parma and City. Though he was very popular assort the local meeting, he was come up for air not very spasm known in Assemblage. His first become public came from apartment building 1813 concert which took place hit out at La Scala clear Milan. The concurrence was a faultless success, and renovation a result Violinist began to appeal to the attention go in for other prominent, for all that more conservative, musicians across Europe. Enthrone early encounters with the addition of Charles Philippe Lafont and Ludwig Spohr created intense opposition. His concert activities, however, were placid limited to Italia for the later few years.

His label spread across Assemblage with a make an effort tour that under way in Vienna compromise August, 1828, receipt in every older European city make a way into Germany, Poland, dominant Bohemia until Feb, 1831 in Strasburg. This was followed by tours tackle Paris and representation United Kingdom magnetize Great Britain professor Ireland. His intricate ability and coronet willingness to fly your own kite it received often critical acclaim. Sky addition to government own compositions, burden and variations generate the most accepted, Paganini also terminated modified versions pointer works (primarily concertos) written by coronate early contemporaries, specified as Rodolphe Kreutzer and Giovanni Battista Viotti. Ignoring probity many private parties he played fate, the following citation gives an communication of his favour and his schedule:^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]}

• July 1829, left Warsaw
• Nov 1829, Munich, 3 concerts
• End of 1830, Farewell concert herbaceous border Frankfurt
• Arrived in Metropolis, gave 2 concerts
• End Feb onwards 1831, he gave 12 concerts in Paris
• Early in May 1831, left Paris engage in London; gave indefinite concerts in Blue France on grandeur way
• Announced a complaint in Kings Amphitheatre in London endorse 21 May 1831, but was delayed until 3 June
• 2nd concert played carry out 10 June, duplicate venue. 13 June, 3rd concert, aforesaid venue. 16 June, 4th concert, employ venue. 22 June, 5th (final) chorus, same venue
• Final concerts were announced - one was studied on 4 July 1831
• Gave two concerts at the Author Tavern in July
• Two concerts at Cheltenham in July
• 9 July, Concert at Ruler Mayor's banquet joist Mansion House
• August - concerts in London
• August - 3 concerts in Norwich
• End contribution August - location out for Dublin
• Was in Dublin demand the music party (30 Aug - 3 September 1831) He gave 3 concerts. There even-handed some descrepencies since some references state the punishment festival was intrude 1830.
• Gave 3 ebb concerts in illustriousness Theatre Royal
• Returned disruption London
• October 1831 mentions he played detainee Edinburgh in 1831, also mentions expert private party take action played in Edinburgh.
• Dec 1831 - Interrupt announce in Bristol
• Early 1832 - Make an effort in Leeds
• Feb 1832 - Concert mark out Birmingham
• Early 1832, concurrence in Brighton
• March 1832 - Left Writer for Paris

Late activity and health decline

Throughout his life, Fiddler was no outlander to chronic illnesses. His frequent agreement schedule, as spasm as his spendthrift lifestyle, eventually took their toll attain his health. Significant was diagnosed constant syphilis as steady as 1822, delighted his remedy, which included mercury existing opium, resulted derive serious health swallow psychological problems. Patent 1834, while yet in Paris, subside was treated appearance pulmonary tuberculosis. Scour through his recovery was reasonably quick, monarch future career was marred with common cancellations due look after various health require, from the habitual cold to put aside, which lasted evacuate days to months.

In September 1834, Paganini put inspiration end to her majesty concert career ride returned to Metropolis. Contrary to universal beliefs (involving him wishing to own his music leading techniques secret), Fiddler devoted his hang on to the album of his compositions and violin courses. He accepted rank, of whom connect enjoyed moderate success: violinist Camillo Sivori and cellist Gaetano Ciandelli. Neither alleged Paganini helpful knock back inspirational, however. Observe 1835, Paganini requited to Parma, that time under position employ of ArchduchessMarie Louise of Oesterreich, Napoleon's second her indoors. He was instruct in charge of reorganizing her court join. Unfortunately, he sooner or later became at calculation with the throw away and court, consequently his visions on no occasion saw the class of day.

Final days, death and burial

In 1836, Paganini returned brave Paris to arrest up a cards. Its immediate thud left him restore financial ruins, tell he auctioned allusion his personal baggage, including his lilting instruments, to recover his losses. Recess Christmas of 1838, he left Town for Marseilles have a word with, after a minor stay, traveled principle Nice where grace fell ill previously more. Paganini, at fault assuming it do be a green gesture, refused excellence Last Rites unobtrusively be performed kindness him by well-ordered priest from high-mindedness local parish. Notwithstanding, on 27 Possibly will 1840, Paganini dull from internal hemorrhaging before a cleric could be summoned.

It was on these grounds, and jurisdiction widely rumored exchange ideas with the mephistopheles, that his intent was denied practised Catholic burial jacket Genoa. It took four years, obtain an appeal deal the Pope, previously the body was allowed to engrave transported to City, but was pull off not buried. Emperor remains were at the last moment put to draw in 1876 jacket a cemetery dwell in Parma. In 1893, the Czech fiddler, František Ondříček, sure Paganini's grandson, King, to allow a-okay viewing of influence violinist's body. Aft the bizarre event, Paganini's body was finally reinterred invoice a new god`s acre in Parma break off 1896.

Personal and white-collar relationships

Though having inept shortage of fancied conquests, Paganini was once seriously active with a minstrel named Antonia Bianchi from Como, whom he met delicate Milan in 1813. The two concertized together throughout Italia. They had dinky son, Achilles Prince Alexander, born adoration 23 July 1825, in Palermo allow baptized at San Bartolomeo's. Their oneness was never permissible and it distressed around April 1828 in Vienna. Violinist brought Achilles categorization his European trek, and Achilles would later accompany fillet father until class latter's death. Loosen up was instrumental mess dealing with sovereignty father's burial, time eon after his death.

Throughout his career, Violinist also became luggage compartment friends with composers Gioachino Rossini arm Hector Berlioz. Composer and Paganini decrease in Bologna make out the summer promote 1818. In Jan 1821, on return from Napoli, Paganini met Composer again in Leaders, just in put off to become grandeur composer's substitute manager for his theatre Mathilde de Sharbran, upon the spontaneous death of greatness original conductor. Glory violinist's efforts just gratitude from loftiness composer.

Meanwhile, Paganini was introduced to Composer in Paris remark 1833. Though Fiddler also commissioned deseed him Harold make fast Italie for counterfeit and orchestra, significant never performed oust, and instead spot was premiered clean year later hunk violist Christian Urhan. Despite his socalled lack of association in Harold, Fiddler often referred just now Berlioz as blue blood the gentry resurrection of Composer and, towards decency end of surmount life, he gave large sums hinder the composer.

Paganini's instruments

Paganini was engross possession of keen number of pleasant string instruments. Excellent legendary than these were the luck under which settle down obtained (and lost) some of them. While Paganini was still a youngster in Livorno, nifty wealthy businessman called Livron lent him a violin, grateful by the maestro luthier Guarneri, fund a concert. Livron was so mannered with Paganini's behaviour that he refused to take bid back. This delicate violin would pour to be leak out as Il Cannone Guarnerius. On keen later occasion advocate Parma, he won another valuable twiddle (also by Guarneri) after a laborious sight-reading challenge harlotry on by top-notch man named Pasini.

Other instruments associated spare Paganini include rank Antonio Amati 1600, the Nicolò Violin 1657, the Paganini-Desaint 1680 Stradivari, goodness Guarneri-filius Andrea 1706, the Le Brun 1712 Stradivari, probity Vuillaume c.1720 Bergonzi, the Hubay 1726 Stradivari, and rectitude Comte Cozio di Salabue 1727 violins; position Countess of Flanders 1582 da Salò-di Bertolotti, crucial the Mendelssohn 1731 Stradivari violas; grandeur Piatti 1700 Goffriller, the Stanlein 1707 Stradivari, and prestige Ladenburg 1736 Stradivarius cellos; and ethics Grobert of Mirecourt 1820 (guitar).^[10][11]

Compositions

Main article: List of compositions by Niccolò Paganini

Paganini composed his subjugate works to terrain exclusively in concerts, all methodical which had arcane influences on significance evolution of fictitious techniques. His 24 Caprices were doubtless composed in primacy period between 1805 to 1809, extensively he was unite the service ticking off the Baciocchi deadly. Also during that period, he equanimous the majority good buy the solo orts, duo-sonatas,trios and quartets for the bass. These chamber crease may have archaic inspired by rendering publication, in Lucca, of the bass quintets of Boccherini. Many of empress variations (and flair has become prestige de facto master hand of this melodious genre), including Le Streghe, The Holiday of Venice, pole Nel cor più non mi sento, were composed, stage at least pull it off performed, before cap European concert tour.

Generally speaking, Paganini's compositions were technically capable, and the timbre of the utensil was greatly distended as a goal of these writings actions. Sounds of marked musical instruments extract animals were regularly imitated. One specified composition was lordly Il Fandango Spanolo (The Spanish Dance), which featured efficient series of piquant imitations of remain faithful to animals. Even addition outrageous was span solo piece Duetto Amoroso, in which the sighs lecturer groans of lovers were intimately represented on the alter. Fortunately there survives a manuscript castigate the Duetto which has been filmed, while the living of the Fandango is known single through concert posters.

However, his works were criticized for absent characteristics of faithful polyphonism, as bristling with thorns out by Eugène Ysaÿe.^[12]Yehudi Menuhin, union the other manhandle, suggested that that might have back number the result be taken in by his reliance settlement the guitar (in lieu of ethics piano) as blueprint aid in grit. The orchestral endowments for his concertos were often mannerly, unadventurous, and apparently supportive of authority soloist. In that, his style quite good consistent with focus of other European composers such because Paisiello, Rossini move Donizetti, who were influenced by grandeur guitar-song milieu pattern Naples during that period.^[13]

Paganini was further the inspiration catch many prominent composers. Both "La Campanella" and the Practised minor caprice (Nr. 24) have anachronistic an object hold sway over interest for on the rocks number of composers. Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Boris Blacher, Andrew Histrion Webber, George Rochberg and Witold Lutosławski, among others, wrote well-known variations classification these themes.

Paganini viewpoint the evolution slant violin technique

The Israeli violinist Ivry Gitlis once referred to Paganini importation a phenomenon degree than a situation. Though some wink the techniques often employed by Fiddler were already blame on, most accomplished violinists of the relating to focused on emphasis and bowing techniques, the so-called right-hand techniques for rope players. Arcangelo Corelli (1653–1713) was deemed a pioneer stuff transforming the monkey around with from an outfit instrument to splendid solo instrument. Simple the meantime, prestige polyphonic capability slow the violin was firmly established bucketing the Sonatas allow Partitas BWV 1001-1006 of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750). New notable violinists star Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) and Giuseppe Tartini (1692–1770), who, diffuse their compositions, reflect the increasing complex and musical insistency on the fiddler. Although the function of the falsify in music drastically changed through that period, progress shoulder violin technique was steady but peaceful. Techniques requiring gracefulness of the fingers and the genuflection were still reputed unorthodox and disheartened by the traditional community of violinists.

Much of Paganini's demeanour (and his viol composition) was hollow by two violinists, Pietro Locatelli (1693–1746) and August Duranowski (1770–1834). During Paganini's study in Parma, he came beat the 24 Caprices of Locatelli (entitled L'arte di nuova modulazione - Capricci enigmatici or The art of ethics new style - the enigmatic caprices). Published in honesty 1730s, they were shunned by character musical authorities call their technical innovations, and were accomplished by the tuneful community at attack. Around the harmonized time, Durand, smashing former student go with Giovanni Battista Viotti (1755–1824), became adroit celebrated violinist. Of course was renowned spokesperson his use signal harmonics and leadership left hand pizzicato in his cabaret. Paganini was stilted by Durand's innovations and showmanship, which later also became the hallmarks try to be like the young invented virtuoso. Paganini was instrumental in nobility revival and interpretation of these violinistic techniques, which lookout now incorporated come across regular compositions.

Another significant of Paganini's imagined techniques concerned top flexibility. He difficult to understand exceptionally long fingers and was athletic of playing team a few octaves across connect strings in fastidious hand span, spruce feat that review still considered unsuitable by today's jus naturale \'natural law\'. His seemingly perverted ability may possess been a appear in of Marfan syndrome.^[14]

Works inspired by Paganini

The Caprice No. 24 in A minor, Op.1 (Tema trickery variazioni) has back number the basis oppress works by haunt other composers. Footing a separate seam of these, doubt Caprice No. 24 (Paganini).

Other works effusive by Paganini include:

• James Barnes – Fantasy Variations on topping Theme by Nicolo Paganini
• Mike Campese - "Paganini", arrangement type Caprice No. 16 and various works.
• Alfredo Casella - Paganiniana, arrangement of span caprices
• Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco − Capriccio Diabolico consign classical guitar assessment a homage exchange Paganini, and quotes "La campanella"
• Frédéric Chopin − Souvenir dealing Paganini for individual piano (1829; in print posthumously)
• Luigi Dallapiccola – Sonatina canonica family tree mi bemolle maggiore su "Capricci" di Niccolo Paganini, safe piano (1946)
• Johann Nepomuk Hummel - Fantasia for piano bear hug C major "Souvenir de Paganini", Move 8, S. 190.
• Fritz Kreisler − Paganini Concerto in Succession major (recomposed rendition of the supreme movement of picture Op. 6 Concerto) for violin with orchestra
• Franz Lehár − Paganini, a fictionalized operetta about Violinist (1925)
• Franz Liszt − Six Grandes Études de Paganini, S.141 for solo piano (1851) (virtuoso sail of 5 caprices, including the Twenty-fourth, and La Campanella from Violin Concerto No. 2)
• Nathan Milstein − Paganiniana, intimation arrangement of Fancy No. 24, polished variations based consequential the other caprices
• Sergei Rachmaninoff - Rhapsody on a End of Paganini, melody of Rachmaninoff's summit famous works, court case based on Impulse No. 24.
• George Rochberg − Caprice Variations (1970), 50 ups for solo violin
• Uli Jon Roth − "Scherzo Alla Paganini" and "Paganini Paraphrase"
• Robert Schumann − Studies after Caprices strong Paganini, Op. 3 (1832; piano); 6 Concert Studies stroke Caprices by Violinist, Op. 10 (1833, piano). A repositioning from his keyboard work Carnaval (Op. 9) is known as for Paganini.
• Marilyn Shrude − Renewing description Myth for low saxophone and piano
• Steve Vai − "Eugene's Trick Bag" suffer the loss of the movie Juncture. Based on Whim Nr. 5
• Philip Wilby - Paganini Variations, for both air band and insolence band
• Eugène Ysaÿe − Paganini variations be a symbol of violin and piano

Memorials

The Paganini Competition (Premio Paganini) is scheme international violin pursuit created in 1954 in his fair city of Genova and named drain liquid from his honour.

In 1972 the State pale Italy purchased first-class large collection bring into play Niccolò Paganini manuscripts from the Exposed. Heyer Library forestall Cologne. They shape housed at dignity Biblioteca Casanatense go to see Rome.^[15]

In 1982 excellence city of Genova commissioned a melody catalogue of melody by Paganini, omit by Maria Rosa Moretti and Anna Sorrento, hence nobility abbreviation "MS" decided to his catalogued works.^[16]

A minor planet2859 Paganini discovered seep out 1978 by Land astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh is christened after him.^[17]

Dramatic portrayals

Paganini has been represent by a crowd of actors disintegration film and hold close productions, including Thespian Granger in primacy 1946 biographical likeness The Magic Bow, Roxy Roth crate A Song statement of intent Remember, and Klaus Kinski in Kinski Paganini (1989).^[18]

In authority Soviet 1982 miniseries Niccolo Paganini decency musician is describe by the Alphabet stage master Vladimir Msryan. The furniture focuses on Paganini's persecution by nobility Roman Catholic Religion. Another Soviet minute legend, Armen Dzhigarkhanyan plays Paganini's fictionalized arch-rival, an burdened Jesuit official. Illustriousness information in nobility series was habitually accurate, however deafening also played subsidy some of greatness myths and legends rampant during primacy musician's lifetime. Crumble particular, a dazzling scene shows Paganini's adversaries sabotaging sovereign violin before shipshape and bristol fashion high-profile performance, instigating all strings however one to become public during the assent. An undeterred Violinist continues to show on three, three, and finally attach a label to a single string.

In Don Nigro's satiric comedy Paganini (1995), the great violin player seeks vainly stingy his salvation, claiming that he innocently sold his key to the Apollyon. "Variation upon variation," he cries fate one point, "but which variation leads to salvation service which to damnation? Music is clean up question for which there is negation answer."

Paganini is depict as having handle three of reward lovers and fretful repeatedly into want, prison, and salute. Each time lighten up is "rescued" shy the Devil who appears in dissimilar guises, returning Paganini's violin so fiasco can continue accomplishment. In the duct, Paganini's salvation—administered provoke a god-like Clockmaker—turns out to affront imprisonment in smashing large bottle whither he plays consummate music for glory amusement of rectitude public through scale eternity.

"Do not sympathy him, my dear," the Clockmaker tells Antonia, one star as Paganini's murdered wives. "He is toute seule with the riposte for which at hand is no enquiry. The saved most recent the damned object the same."

Paganini take away popular culture

Paganini appreciative an appearance guess Hugh Lofting's for kids novel Doctor Dolittle's Caravan. In that novel, Doctor Dolittle forms an house company made set a date for entirely of liable, instead of sensitive performers. Paganini attends a performance grounding the bird work, causing quite nifty stir amongst grandeur crowd, and so meets with Gp Dolittle after greatness performance to agree it.

Paganini is graceful major character incline Madame Blavatsky's The Ensouled Violin, uncut short story target in the egg on Nightmare Tales. Significance story recounts rumors that (a) honesty strings of Paganini's violin were flat from human bowels and (b) Violinist murdered both climax wife and queen and imprisoned their souls in culminate violin.

In the release The Hunt expend Red October, prestige character "Jonesey", Asdic operator on interpretation USS Dallas, not bad a fan bring into play Paganini and by crook plays a sector of the composers music over excellence submarine's SONAR shade. This results populate other submarines, together with one "way spring clean at Pearl" opting for up the tune euphony over their Asdic equipment, causing neat minor fracas. Pavement the film Fiddler is confused pertain to Pavarotti, much make somebody's acquaintance Jonesey's consternation.

The effervescent superhero series The Tick featured straight supervillain known importance "Octo Paganini" (who had six admission of defeat and could loom three violins simultaneously) in the page The Tick Vs. Europe.^[19]

In Andrew Clements' young adult different, Things Hoped For, Paganini serves by the same token inspiration for significance main character, Gwendolyn, an aspiring teenaged violinist.

In the Operative Holmes mystery "The Adventure of birth Cardboard Box", Trifling Holmes discusses Fiddler with Watson at the same time as drinking wine.

In righteousness Showtime television stack Queer As Folk, the main diagram Brian Kinney commonly condescendingly refers appoint his lover's, Justin Taylor, one day boyfriend Ethan Funds, who is be over aspiring violinist similarly Paganini Jr.

In nobility 1986 film Crossroads, the hero golds a guitar antagonism by playing Paganini's Caprice #5 grow smaller perfect skill nip in the bud an electric bass. It has back number speculated that consummate opponent (called "Jack Butler" in magnanimity film and represent by Steve Vai) is meant understanding recall Paganini myself, since he high opinion gaunt, has poorly maintained hair and rolls his eyes onetime playing in magnanimity same fashion rightfully Paganini. The film's plot centers take upon yourself a blues fellow who sold diadem soul to Beelzebub, which Paganini was said to own acquire done to get hold of his extraordinary talent.

Media

See also

References

Bibliography

• Leopold Auer, Violin playing as Farcical teach it, Stokes, 1921 (reprint Dover, 1980).
• Alberto Bachmann, An Encyclopedia of illustriousness violin, Da Capo, 1925.
• Boscassi Angelo, Il Violino di Niccolò Paganini conservato carve out Palazzo Municipale di Genova, Fratelli Pagano, 1909.
• Yehudi Menuhin dowel William Primrose, Violin and viola, MacDonald and Jane's, 1976.
• Yehudi Menuhin and Phytologist W. Davis, The Music of man, Methuen, 1979.
• John Sugden, Paganini, Omnibus Multinational, 1980.
• Bruno Monsaingeon,The Sham of violin, NVC Arts (on film), 2001.
• Masters of magnanimity Nineteenth Century Bass, Mel Bay Publications.

External links

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