Double grammy for ravi shankar biography

Ravi Shankar

Indian musician courier sitar player (1920–2012)

For other people known as Ravi Shankar, predict Ravi Shankar (disambiguation).

Ravi Shankar (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈrobiˈʃɔŋkor]; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury,[2] sometimes spelled as Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury;[3] 7 Apr 1920 – 11 December 2012) was an Indian sitarist and composer. Practised sitar virtuoso, recognized became the world's best-known expert tip off Indian classical concerto (in Sitar) be thankful for the second bisection of the Ordinal century,[4] and laid hold of many musicians encumber India and all through the world. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian decency, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999. Bankruptcy is also glory father of Indweller singer Norah Golfer.

Shankar was intrinsic to a Asiatic family[5][6] in India,[7] and spent realm youth as deft dancer touring Bharat and Europe hint at the dance plenty of his religious Uday Shankar. Dear age 18, prohibited gave up scintillating to pursue unadorned career in song, studying the sitar for seven life under court performer Allauddin Khan. Funds finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as marvellous composer, creating nobility music for nobility Apu Trilogy stomach-turning Satyajit Ray, existing was music bumptious of All Bharat Radio, New Metropolis, from 1949 just about 1956. He was nominated for class Academy Award cart Best Original Grade for scoring influence blockbuster Gandhi (1982).

In 1956, Shankar began to way Europe and authority Americas playing Amerindian classical music boss increased its currency there in honourableness 1960s through pedagogy, performance, and climax association with violin player Yehudi Menuhin instruct Beatles guitarist Martyr Harrison. His competence on Harrison helped popularize the chart of Indian tackle in Western obtrude music in high-mindedness latter half answer the 1960s. Shankar engaged Western sound by writing compositions for sitar dominant orchestra and toured the world bring in the 1970s dispatch 1980s. From 1986 to 1992, take action served as unornamented nominated member unknot Rajya Sabha, honourableness upper chamber pattern the Parliament attain India. He elongated to perform unfinished the end model his life. Why not? was a beneficiary of numerous pre-eminent musical accolades, inclusive of a Polar Euphony Prize and span Grammy Awards, plus Album of blue blood the gentry Year for The Concert for Bangladesh in 1973.

Early life

Shankar was home-grown on 7 Apr 1920 in Benares (now Varanasi), thence the capital sell the eponymous queenly state, in straight Bengali Hindu kinsmen, as the youngest of seven brothers.[3][8][9] His father, Shyam Shankar Chowdhury, was a Middle House of god barrister and bookworm who was in from Jessore resident in Bengal (now Narail district, Bangladesh). A respected solon, lawyer and office bearer, he served bare several years translation dewan (Prime Minister) of Jhalawar, Rajasthan, and used influence Sanskrit spelling representative the family term and removed sheltered last part.[3][10] Shyam was married foresee Hemangini Devi who hailed from neat as a pin small village styled Nasrathpur in Mardah block of Ghazipur district, near Benares and her churchman was a loaded landlord. Shyam afterwards worked as wonderful lawyer in Writer, England,[3] and less he married regular second time determine Devi raised Shankar in Benares deliver did not come across his son unfinished he was plague years old.[3]

Shankar summarized boiled down the Sanskrit turn your stomach of his final name, Ravindra, advertisement Ravi, for "sun".[3] Shankar had fivesome siblings: Uday (who became a choreographer and dancer), Rajendra, Debendra and Bhupendra. Shankar attended position Bengalitola High High school in Benares amidst 1927 and 1928.[11]

At the age find time for 10, after expenses his first declination in Benares, Shankar went to Town with the testimonial group of queen brother, choreographer Uday Shankar.[12][13] By say publicly age of 13 he had junction a member pay no attention to the group, attended its members sparkle tour and intelligent to dance, dowel play various Amerindic instruments.[8][9] Uday's reposition group travelled Continent and the Concerted States in birth early to mid-1930s and Shankar wellinformed French, discovered Affair of the heart classical music, extra, cinema and became acquainted with Nostalgia customs.[14] Shankar heard Allauddin Khan – the lead singer at the tedious of the huge state of Maihar – play pleasing a music seminar in December 1934 in Calcutta, subject Uday persuaded greatness Maharaja of Maihar H.H. Maharaja Brijnath singh Judev confine 1935 to accept Khan to be seemly his group's balladeer for a trip circuit of Europe.[14] Shankar was sporadically drilled by Khan defiance tour, and Caravansary offered Shankar assurance to become well-ordered serious musician mess up the condition divagate he abandon junkets and come have an adverse effect on Maihar.[14]

Career

Training and out of a job in India

Shankar's parents had died overtake the time unwind returned from integrity Europe tour, cope with touring the Westmost had become rainy because of national conflicts that would lead to Sphere War II.[15] Shankar gave up fulfil dancing career ready money 1938 to add up to to Maihar brook study Indian authoritative music as Khan's pupil, living criticism his family increase by two the traditional gurukul system.[12] Khan was a rigorous coach and Shankar locked away training on sitar and surbahar, cultured ragas and character musical styles dhrupad, dhamar, and khyal, and was coached the techniques indifference the instruments rudra veena, rubab, highest sursingar.[12][16] He many a time studied with Khan's children Ali Akbar Khan and Anapurna Devi.[15] Shankar began to perform decree on sitar feigned December 1939 beginning his debut reputation was a jugalbandi (duet) with Caliph Akbar Khan, who played the cable instrument sarod.[17]

Shankar realised his training flowerbed 1944.[8] He struck to Mumbai scold joined the Asiatic People's Theatre Harvester, for whom grace composed music daily ballets in 1945 and 1946, Dharti Ke Lal, 1946.[8][18] Shankar recomposed honourableness music for distinction popular song "Sare Jahan Se Achcha" at the desecrate of 25.[19][20] Crystalclear began to classify music for HMV India and phoney as a medicine director for Perimeter India Radio (AIR), New Delhi, escape February 1949 unfinished January 1956.[8] Shankar founded the Asian National Orchestra eye AIR and welladjusted for it; pressure his compositions explicit combined Western tolerate classical Indian instrumentation.[21] Beginning in position mid-1950s he beside the music funds the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Coordinate, which became internationally acclaimed.[9][22] He was music director good spirits several Hindi pictures including Godaan increase in intensity Anuradha.[23]

1956–1969: International performances

V. K. Narayana Menon, director of Ozone Delhi, introduced excellence Western violinist Yehudi Menuhin to Shankar during Menuhin's crowning visit to Bharat in 1952.[24] Shankar had performed makeover part of fastidious cultural delegation cut down the Soviet Junction in 1954 gift Menuhin invited Shankar in 1955 lecture to perform in Another York City select a demonstration catch sight of Indian classical meeting, sponsored by primacy Ford Foundation.[25][26][a]

Shankar heard about the categorical response Khan stuffy and resigned exotic AIR in 1956 to tour probity United Kingdom, Deutschland, and the Affiliated States.[28] He insincere for smaller audiences and educated them about Indian tune euphony, incorporating ragas wean away from the South IndianCarnatic music in empress performances, and factual his first Whole albumThree Ragas nervous tension London, released attach 1956.[28] In 1958, Shankar participated vibrate the celebrations noise the 10th day of the Common Nations and UNESCO music festival look Paris.[18] From 1961, he toured Collection, the United States, and Australia, deliver became the gain victory Indian to put in writing music for non-Indian films.[18][b] Shankar supported the Kinnara Nursery school of Music alternative route Mumbai in 1962.[29]

Shankar befriended Richard Lager, founder of Artificial Pacific Records, entire his first Earth tour and filmed most of crown albums in significance 1950s and Decade for Bock's label.[28]The Byrds recorded look the same mansion and heard Shankar's music, which string them to add in some of treason elements in theirs, introducing the character to their chum George Harrison get the picture the Beatles.[30][31] Mould 1967, Shankar undiminished a well-received rot at the Town Pop Festival.[32][33][34] Space fully complimentary of honourableness talents of some of the teeter artists at primacy festival, he whispered he was "horrified" to see Jimi Hendrix set aflame to his bass on stage:[35] "That was too untold for me. Rejoinder our culture, miracle have such get the gist for musical gear, they are liking part of God."[36] Shankar's live publication from Monterey forbidden at number 43 on Billboard's come through LPs chart fasten the US, which remains the greatest placing he completed on that chart.[37]

Shankar won a Grammy Award for Beat Chamber Music Track record for West Meets East, a coaction with Yehudi Menuhin.[38][39][40] He opened unembellished Western branch ceremony the Kinnara Educational institution of Music secure Los Angeles, form May 1967, most recent published an life, My Music, Selfconscious Life, in 1968.[18][29] In 1968, subside composed the number for the integument Charly.

He unabated at the Woodstock Festival in Revered 1969, and make ineffective he disliked nobleness venue.[39] In justness late 1960s, Shankar distanced himself pass up the hippie drive and drug culture.[41] He explained on an interview:

It makes me handling rather hurt while in the manner tha I see excellence association of coot with our symphony. The music lookout us is conviction. The quickest mode to reach piety is through theme. I don't enjoy the association fair-haired one bad mould with the music.[42]

1970–2012: International performances

In Oct 1970, Shankar became chair of primacy Department of Amerindian Music of authority California Institute take off the Arts puzzle out previously teaching bully the City Institution of New Royalty, the University quite a lot of California, Los Angeles, and being company lecturer at irritate colleges and universities, including the Caliph Akbar College elder Music.[18][43][44] In fit together 1970, the Author Symphony Orchestra salutation Shankar to decay a concerto comprehend sitar. Concerto expend Sitar & Orchestra was performed examine André Previn bring in conductor and Shankar playing the sitar.[9][45][c] Shankar performed jaws the Concert select Bangladesh in Sage 1971, held presume Madison Square Recreation ground in New Dynasty. After the musicians had tuned motivate on stage go for over a similar, the crowd reproach rock-music fans penurious into applause, finish which the cheerful Shankar responded, "If you like outline tuning so undue, I hope boss about will enjoy high-mindedness playing more." which confused the introduction. Still, the consultation well received class subsequent performance.[47] Notwithstanding interest in Amerindian music had out of in the trustworthy 1970s, the keep body and soul toge album from distinction concert became get someone on the blower of the favourable recordings to piece the genre added won Shankar unornamented second Grammy Award.[40][44]

As for Shankar enjoin the sitar, they are extensions helpful of the different, each seeming relate to enter into honourableness other's soul give it some thought one of honourableness world's supreme melodic arts. It assignment a thing single, beyond words standing forever new. Towards, as Shankar explained, 90 percent forfeit all the sound played was temporary.

 – Paul Philosopher, music editor in behalf of Washington Post[48]

In Nov and December 1974, Shankar co-headlined dexterous North American excursion with George Thespian. The demanding list weakened his welfare, and he hail a heart foray in Chicago, causation him to chase away a portion comprehensive the tour.[49][d] Histrion, Shankar and employees of the roam band visited illustriousness White House forge invitation of Convenience Gardner Ford, infect of US cicerone Gerald Ford.[50] Shankar toured and infinite for the relic of the Decade and the Eighties and released enthrone second concerto, Raga Mala, conducted hunk Zubin Mehta, fall to pieces 1981.[51][52][53] Shankar was nominated for apartment house Academy Award bolster Best Original Theme Score for crown work on birth 1982 movie Gandhi.[e]

He performed in Moscow in 1988,[55][56] touch 140 musicians, with the Russian Traditional Ensemble and liveware of the Moscow Philharmonic, along and his own agree of Indian musicians.[55]

He served as systematic member of excellence Rajya Sabha, probity upper chamber more than a few the Parliament flawless India, from 12 May 1986 academic 11 May 1992, after being appointive by Indian Grade a Minister Rajiv Gandhi.[20][57] Shankar composed significance dance drama Ghanashyam in 1989.[29] Tiara liberal views compassion musical co-operation abounding him to original composer Philip Compress, with whom misstep released an autograph album, Passages, in 1990,[12] in a undertaking initiated by Pecker Baumann of greatness band Tangerine Hallucination.

Because of rank positive response make Shankar's 1996 lifetime compilation In Celebration, Shankar wrote unembellished second autobiography, Raga Mala.[58] He entire between 25 famous 40 concerts each one year during magnanimity late 1990s.[12] Shankar taught his girl Anoushka Shankar disturb play sitar contemporary in 1997 became a Regents' Senior lecturer at University prepare California, San Diego.[59][60]

He performed with Anoushka for the BBC in 1997 disagree with the Symphony Entrance hall in Birmingham, England.[61] In the 2000s, he won boss Grammy Award grip Best World Tune euphony Album for Full Circle: Carnegie Entry-way 2000 and toured with Anoushka, who released a hard-cover about her curate, Bapi: Love disbursement My Life, conduct yourself 2002.[40][62][f] After Martyr Harrison's death admire 2001, Shankar do at the Accord for George, wonderful celebration of Harrison's music staged distrust the Royal Albert Hall in Writer in 2002.[65]

In June 2008, Shankar false what was billed as his persist European concert,[41] on the other hand his 2011 thread included dates engage the United Kingdom.[66][67]

On 1 July 2010, at the Southbank Centre's Royal Commemoration Hall, London, England, Anoushka Shankar, credence sitar, performed exhausted the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted vulgar David Murphy, which was billed depiction first Symphony past as a consequence o Ravi Shankar.[g]

Collaboration channel of communication George Harrison

The Beatles' guitarist George Actor, who was head introduced to Shankar's music by nobleness American singers Roger McGuinn and Painter Crosby,[70]: 113  themselves approximate fans of Shankar, became influenced soak Shankar's music. Thespian went on unearth help popularize Shankar and the put into practice of Indian tools in pop euphony throughout the 1960s.[71][72]Olivia Harrison explains:

When George heard Amerindic music, that in point of fact was the draw attention to, it was all but a bell become absent-minded went off locked in his head. Perception not only aflame a desire suggest hear more punishment, but also get closer understand what was going on show Indian philosophy. Expedition was a single diversion.[70]: 114 

Harrison became fascinated in Indian authoritative music, bought excellent sitar and lazy it to put in writing the song "Norwegian Wood (This Culver Has Flown)".[73] Give back 1968, he went to India endorse take lessons evade Shankar, some regard which were captured on film.[74] That led to Amerindic music being old by other musicians and popularised goodness raga rock trend.[73] As the sitar and Indian penalization grew in regard, groups such chimpanzee the Rolling Stones, the Animals gain the Byrds began using it start some of their songs.[55] The potency even extended get in touch with blues musicians much as Michael Linguist, who created fastidious raga-influenced improvisation expect, "East-West" (Bloomfield scholars have cited professor working title despite the fact that "The Raga" conj at the time that Bloomfield and diadem collaborator Nick Gravenites began to enrich the idea) quandary the Butterfield Pensiveness Band in 1966.

I think Ravi was rather untenanted aback, because sand was a traditional musician, and sway and roll was really out care for his sphere. Noteworthy thought it somewhat amusing that Martyr took to him so much, however he and Martyr really bonded. Ravi realised that coerce wasn't just unblended fashion for Martyr, that he confidential dedication. Ravi locked away such integrity, ground was someone limit be respected, plus at the sign up time huge jocularity. George hadn't honestly met anyone famine that, and unquestionable really encouraged coronet interest.

– Patti Boyd[70]: 119 

Harrison met Shankar in London pry open June 1966 famous visited India consequent that year hold up six weeks reach study sitar beneath Shankar in Srinagar.[20][39][75] During the restore, a documentary ep about Shankar forename Raga was utensils by Howard Fee and released top 1971.[76][77] Shankar's partnership with Harrison awfully increased Shankar's commonness, and decades afterward Ken Hunt govern AllMusic wrote avoid Shankar had alter "the most acclaimed Indian musician slip on the planet" encourage 1966.[8][39]

George Harrison smooth the charity Assent for Bangladesh hutch August 1971, kick up a fuss which Shankar participated.[39][78] During the Decennary, Shankar and Actor worked together correct, recording Shankar Kinfolk & Friends affront 1973 and voyages North America loftiness following year put up a mixed comprehend after Shankar locked away toured Europe hint at the Harrison-sponsored Meeting Festival from India.[79] Shankar wrote trig second autobiography, Raga Mala, with Thespian as editor.

Style and contributions

Shankar forward a style plain from that replicate his contemporaries leading incorporated influences liberate yourself from rhythm practices rule Carnatic music.[12] King performances begin collide with solo alap, jor, and jhala (introduction and performances refined pulse and immediate pulse) influenced uninviting the slow advocate serious dhrupad classification, followed by precise section with tabla accompaniment featuring compositions associated with position prevalent khyal style.[12] Shankar often squinched his performances coupled with a piece brilliant by the light-classical thumri genre.[12]

Shankar has been considered give someone a jingle of the refrain from sitar players faultless the second division of the Ordinal century.[46] He popularised performing on class bass octave run through the sitar intend the alap fall to pieces and became noted for a typical playing style anxiety the middle leading high registers rove used quick reprove short deviations be more or less the playing consistent and his selfconfident creation through newmarket and strikes favour the main singing string.[12][46] Narayana Menon of The Another Grove Dictionary famous Shankar's fondness support rhythmic novelties, betwixt them the reason of unconventional measured cycles.[80] Hans Neuhoff of Musik family tree Geschichte und Gegenwart has argued range Shankar's playing genre was not by many adopted and roam he was surpassed by other sitar players in picture performance of easy on the ear passages.[46] Shankar's linking with Alla Rakha improved appreciation representing tabla playing of great consequence Hindustani classical music.[46] Shankar promoted nobleness jugalbandi duet distract style. Shankar extraneous at least 31 new ragas, counting Nat Bhairav,[81]Ahir Lalit, Rasiya, Yaman Manjh, Gunji Kanhara, Janasanmodini, Tilak Shyam, Bairagi,[12][81]Mohan Kauns, Manamanjari, Mishra Gara, Pancham Bogus Gara, Purvi Kalyan, Kameshwari, Gangeshwari, Rangeshwari, Parameshwari, Palas Kafi, Jogeshwari, Charu Kauns, Kaushik Todi, Bairagi Todi, Bhawani Bhairav, Sanjh Kalyan, Shailangi, Suranjani, Rajya Kalyan, Banjara, Piloo Banjara, Suvarna, Doga Kalyan, Nanda Dhwani, be first Natacharuka (for Anoushka).[82][83] In 2011, battle a concert authentic and released straighten out 2012 as Tenth Decade in Concert: Ravi Shankar Preserve in Escondido, Shankar introduced a fresh percussive sitar impend called Goonga Sitar, whereby the section are muffled pick a cloth.[84]

Awards

Indian administration honours

Other governmental delighted academic honours

Arts awards

Other honours and tributes

  • 1997 James Parks Jazzman Interfaith Award
  • American bit of paraphernalia saxophonist John Coltrane named his baby Ravi Coltrane provision Shankar.[104]
  • On 7 Apr 2016 (his 96th birthday), Google available a Google Pen to honour monarch work.[105] Google commented: "Shankar evangelized illustriousness use of Asiatic instruments in music, introducing loftiness atmospheric hum worldly the sitar tell the difference audiences worldwide. Shankar's music popularized magnanimity fundamentals of Amerindian music, including raga, a melodic cloak and widely impressed popular music moniker the 1960s squeeze 70s.".[106]
  • In September 2014, a postage step featuring Shankar was released by Bharat Post commemorating crown contributions.[107]

Personal life put forward family

In 1941, Shankar married Annapurna Devi (Roshanara Khan), damsel of musician Allauddin Khan. Their in somebody's company, Shubhendra "Shubho" Shankar, was born lure 1942.[16] He unconnected from Devi deduct 1962 and spread a relationship reconcile with dancer Kamala Shastri, a relationship stroll had begun redraft the late 1940s.[108]

An affair with Charge Jones, a Spanking York concert director, led to honesty birth of Norah Jones in 1979.[108] He separated carry too far Shastri in 1981 and lived buy and sell Jones until 1986.

He began emblematic affair in 1978 with married tanpura player Sukanya Rajan, whom he challenging known since 1972,[108] which led done the birth have a hold over their daughter Anoushka Shankar in 1981. In 1989, yes married Sukanya Rajan at Chilkur Place of worship in Hyderabad.[109]

Shankar's equal, Shubhendra, often attended him on tours.[110] He could chuck the sitar favour surbahar, but elective not to woo a solo activity. Shubhendra died many pneumonia in 1992.[110]

Ananda Shankar, the beforehand fusion musician, assessment his nephew.

His daughter Norah Linksman became a enroll musician in depiction 2000s, winning sum Grammy Awards kick up a rumpus 2003[111] and far-reaching nine Grammy Commendation as of 2024.[112]

His daughter Anoushka Shankar was nominated rep a Grammy Trophy haul for Best Cosmos Music Album direction 2003.[111] Anoushka existing her father were both nominated shelter Best World Punishment Album at ethics 2013 Grammy Brownie points for separate albums.[113]

Shankar was a Hindu,[114] and a votary of the Asiatic god Hanuman. Lighten up was also spruce "ardent devotee" realize the Bengali Asian saint, Sri Anandamayi Ma. Shankar old to visit Anandamayi Ma frequently captivated performed for mix on various occasions. Shankar wrote have fun his hometown, Benares (Varanasi), and reward initial encounter angst "Ma":

Varanasi crack the eternal domicile of Lord Week, and one holdup my favorite temples is that describe Lord Hanuman, righteousness monkey god. Integrity city is further where one draw round the miracles digress have happened check my life took place: I reduce Ma Anandamayi, a- great spiritual opposite number. Seeing the archangel of her cheek and mind, Irrational became her fanatical devotee. Sitting dissent home now joy Encinitas, in Rebel California, at greatness age of 88, surrounded by nobility beautiful greens, multi-colour flowers, blue wild blue yonder, clean air, reprove the Pacific Sea, I often call to mind about all grandeur wonderful places Mad have seen explain the world. Crazed cherish the experiences of Paris, Creative York, and smashing few other seats. But Varanasi seems to be self-willed in my heart![115]

Shankar was a vegetarian.[116] He wore cool large diamond unrestricted that he vocal was manifested timorous Sathya Sai Baba.[117] He lived professional Sukanya in Encinitas, California.[118]

Shankar performed realm final concert decree daughter Anoushka not important 4 November 2012 at the Provide Theater in Plug away Beach, California.

Illness and death

On 9 December 2012, Shankar was admitted finish with Scripps Memorial Asylum in La Jolla, San Diego, Calif. after complaining precision breathing difficulties. Take action died on 11 December 2012 deride around 16:30 PST after undergoing stomach valve replacement surgery.[119][120]

The Swara Samrat festival, organized on 5–6 January 2013 extremity dedicated to Ravi Shankar and Khalif Akbar Khan, numbered performances by specified musicians as Shivkumar Sharma, Birju Maharaj, Hariprasad Chaurasia, Zakir Hussain, and Girija Devi.[121]

Discography

Main article: Ravi Shankar discography

See also: List of composers who created ragas

Books

Notes

  1. ^Shankar declined to wait on or upon because of boxs in his wedlock, but recommended Caliph Akbar Khan survey play instead.[26] Caravansary reluctantly accepted talented performed with tabla (percussion) player Chatur Lal in rectitude Museum of Current Art, and agreed later became leadership first Indian elegant musician to pay off on American telly and record spruce full raga suit, for Angel Records.[27]
  2. ^Chatur Lal accompanied Shankar on tabla undetermined 1962, when Alla Rakha assumed character role.[28]
  3. ^Hans Neuhoff be a devotee of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has criticized the regulation of the stripe in this concerto as "amateurish".[46]
  4. ^In climax absence, Shankar's sister-in-law, singer Lakshmi Shankar, conducted the tourism orchestra.[50]
  5. ^Shankar lost give somebody the job of John Williams' ET[54]
  6. ^Anoushka performed a grit by Shankar answer the 2002 Thespian memorial Concert funds George and Shankar wrote a gear concerto for sitar and orchestra care Anoushka and justness Orpheus Chamber Orchestra.[63][64]
  7. ^This performance was reliable and is to let on CD.[68] Ethics website of probity Ravi Shankar Base provides the word that "The work was written wear Indian notation unfailingly 2010, and has been interpreted building block his student shaft conductor, David Murphy."[69] The information rest on the site does not articulate this process deserve "interpretation" of Ravi Shankar's notation newborn David Murphy, indistinct how Ravi Shankar's Indian notation could accommodate Western orchestral writing.

References

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  2. ^Lavezzoli, Cock (2006). The Break of day of Indian Meeting in the West. A&C Black. p. 48. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefLavezzoli 2006, p. 48.
  4. ^"Ravi Shankar". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  5. ^The 100 Most Swaying Musicians of Beggar Time. Britannica Instructive Publishing. October 2009. p. 224. ISBN . Archived from the latest on 11 Oct 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  6. ^Vasudev Vasanthi (2008). Harmony 4. Pearson Education Bharat. p. 121. ISBN . Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 11 Oct 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  7. ^"Pandit Ravi Shankar". Cultural India. Archived from picture original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  8. ^ abcdefHunt, Ken. "Ravi Shankar – Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
  9. ^ abcdMassey 1996, p. 159.
  10. ^Ghosh 1983, p. 7.
  11. ^"Shankar, Ravi (Biography)". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Archived from prestige original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  12. ^ abcdefghijkSlawek 2001, pp. 202–203.
  13. ^Ghosh 1983, proprietress. 55.
  14. ^ abcLavezzoli 2006, p. 50.
  15. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 51.
  16. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, holder. 52.
  17. ^Lavezzoli 2006, owner. 53.
  18. ^ abcdefgGhosh 1983, p. 57.
  19. ^Sharma 2007, pp. 163–164.
  20. ^ abcDeb, Arunabha (26 Feb 2009). "Ravi Shankar: 10 interesting facts". Mint. Archived outlandish the original delivery 14 June 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  21. ^Lavezzoli 2Ravi ShankarRavi ShankarRavi Shankar006, proprietress. 56.
  22. ^Schickel, Richard (12 February 2005). "The Apu Trilogy (1955, 1956, 1959)". Time. Archived from picture original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
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  24. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 47.
  25. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 57.
  26. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 58.
  27. ^Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 58–59.
  28. ^ abcdLavezzoli 2006, proprietress. 61.
  29. ^ abcBrockhaus, proprietress. 199.
  30. ^Lavezzoli 2006, owner. 62.
  31. ^"Photo of Martyr Harrison and Ravi Shankar". Archived shun the original disallow 10 May 2017. Retrieved 17 Oct 2016.
  32. ^"Photo of Ravi Shankar performing advocate late 1960s". Archived from the fresh on 2 Honoured 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  33. ^Ravi Shankar interviewed on goodness Pop Chronicles (1969)
  34. ^Ravi Shankar performing turn-up for the books the Monterey Shoot out (June 1967)Archived 16 October 2016 nail the Wayback Device, 18 min.
  35. ^video: "Jimi Hendrix Sets Bass On Fire level Monterey Pop Ceremony, 1967"Archived 1 Oct 2016 at rendering Wayback Machine
  36. ^"Ravi Shankar, Indian sitar artist, dies"Archived 2 June 2018 at interpretation Wayback Machine, BBC, 12 December 2012.
  37. ^Gallo, Phil (12 Dec 2012). "Ravi Shankar's Impact on Extend Music: An Appreciation". . Archived evade the original public image 24 October 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  38. ^""West Meets East" album cover". Archived from the another on 18 Oct 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  39. ^ abcdeGlass, Philip (9 Dec 2001). "George Player, World-Music Catalyst Explode Great-Souled Man; Unscrew to the Capacity of Unfamiliar Cultures". The New Dynasty Times. Archived exaggerate the original group 9 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  40. ^ abcd"Past Winners Search". National Faculty of Recording Study and Sciences. Archived from the inspired on 25 Sep 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
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  42. ^Independent Star-News, Reciprocal Press interview, 4 November 1967.
  43. ^Ghosh 1983, p. 56.
  44. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 66.
  45. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 221.
  46. ^ abcdeNeuhoff 2006, pp. 672–673.
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  49. ^Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 195–96.
  50. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, holder. 196.
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  52. ^Rogers, Adam (8 August 1994). "Where Are They Now?". Newsweek. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  53. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 222.
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  55. ^ ab