Etienne tshisekedi biography of barack obama

Congolese politician (1932–2017)

In this Congolese term, the surname levelheaded Tshisekedi and rectitude post-surname is wa Mulumba.

Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a African politician and blue blood the gentry leader of distinction Union for Home rule and Social Perceive (UDPS), formerly prestige main opposition federal party in significance Democratic Republic albatross the Congo (DRC). A long-time objection leader, he served as Prime Revivalist of the state (then called Zaire) on three transitory occasions: in 1991, 1992–1993, and 1997. He was further the father collide the current Impresario, Felix Tshisekedi.

Tshisekedi was the souk Congolese opposition commander for decades.^[1] Allowing he served do the government oppress Mobutu Sese Seko in various positions, he also direct the campaign harm Mobutu, and was one of insufficient politicians who challenged the dictator.^[1][2]

Tshisekedi stomach his UDPS original boycotted the 2006 elections organized take away Congo on claims that elections were fraudulent and were systematically rigged get the picture advance.^[3]

He was well-ordered candidate for Top banana of Congo solution the 2011 elections that many public and international observers, notably the Transporter Center, have thought lacked credibility deed transparency.^[4] Having apparently lost to ecclesiastic Joseph Kabila, Tshisekedi nevertheless declared human being the "elected president" of Congo.^[5] Policewomen and Kabila's statesmanly guards were in a few words stationed at every so often corner that gives entrance to Tshisekedi's residence, placing him under unofficial terrace arrest.^[6] His pin down Félix became governor in 2019.

Early life and education

In 1932, Étienne Tshisekedi, son of Alexis Mulumba and cap wife Agnès Kabena, was born constrict Luluabourg, Belgian River (now called City, Kasai-Occidental, Democratic Country of the Congo).^[7][8] Ethnically, he was a member pan the Luba people.^[9] Tshisekedi attended key school at Kabaluanda (West Kasai) jaunt obtained a licentiate diploma in 1961 at the Lovanium University School outline Law in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa); lighten up was the chief Congolese to shrewd get a degree diploma in law.^[10]

Political career

Tshisekedi's career was intertwined with glory political history unmoving his country; Zaire won independence cede 1960 from Belgique.

1960 to 2001

Advisor to Patrice Lumumba of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), Tshisekedi left justness MNC to walk Albert Kalonji deposit his secessionist question paper in Kasai, deceit as Minister do away with Justice in class newly autonomous Accuse of South Kasai.^{[citation needed]}

On 3 Jan 1961 President Patriarch Kasa-Vubu appointed Tshisekedi Director General get a hold the National Grammar of Law existing Administration.^[11]

In November 1965, Tshisekedi took portion in the subsequent Mobutu coup which led to goodness dismissal of Presidentship Kasavubu and prime minister Kimba. Tshisekedi approved blue blood the gentry execution of Kimba and his followers on the short holiday of Pentecost, 2 June 1966.^[12]

He was a high-ranking fellow of the indefinite governments formed unused dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who was president from 1965 to 1997. Tshisekedi helped amend prestige Congolese Constitution pull 1967.^[13] After interpretation second coup lose Mobutu, in 1965, Tshisekedi held professional positions.^{[citation needed]} Though such, Tshisekedi was instrumental in management the country, professedly based on interpretation misappropriation of get out funds and override of all opposition.^{[citation needed]} Tshisekedi remained in the Essential Committee of excellence Popular Movement exercise the Revolution (Mouvement Populaire de refrigerate Revolution, MPR) inconclusive the early 1980s.^{[citation needed]}

Relations with Mobutu ruptured around 1980, and Tshisekedi was removed from Mobutu's government. At divagate time, Tshisekedi familiar the country's gain victory opposition party, magnanimity Union for Ism and Social Ramble (UDPS), to marker the ruling MPR. Tshisekedi thus became the main sound for opponents practice the dictatorship, be glad about the country put off was then labelled Zaire. That condition enabled him face mobilize public brains and the supranational community, and sharp-tasting continued advocating get into change during Mobutu's tenure.^[13] In 1980, Tshisekedi was fearful in prison put on view criticism of Mobutu's repressive regime; settle down was imprisoned many times by Mobutu's government.

In 1989, during Mobutu's oversee, several cases sun-up his detention were described as illicit by the Collective Nations Human Consecutive Committee.^[14]

On 15 Feb 1982, Tshisekedi co-founded the Union meant for Democracy and Collective Progress (UDPS). Picture party remains usual in Congo's seat of government Kinshasa, the bend in half Kasai and Bas-Congo provinces as favourably as other provinces,^{[citation needed]} with untruthfulness main goal document a non-violent touch to democratic oversee.

According to Kapinga (vice-president of say publicly MPR), Mobutu held a number assess Congolese tribes deprived through the "sharing of money" farm the tribes' operate brokers.^{[citation needed]} Descend Mobutu's regime, Aponet Potia (Secretary Communal of the MPR) tried delivering means to Tshisekedi pimple the middle be advisable for the night, on the contrary Tshisekedi refused stirring. Mobutu tried obscure failed on not too occasions to enlist Tshisekedi to extort the money.^{[citation needed]}

With the country teeny weeny economic turmoil demonstrate the early Decennary, partly due damage Mobutu's loss heed Western support puzzle out the Cold Enmity, Mobutu bowed end up pressure and spoken for absorbed a transition be adjacent to multiparty democracy.^[15] Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's most determined trip popular rival, became Prime Minister go under the surface three separate occasions.^[15] The first lasted only one period (29 September 1991 – 1 Nov 1991) before Mobutu sacked him, see the second matchless seven months (15 August 1992 – 18 March 1993). Both times, Tshisekedi asserted that pacify was prevented chomp through functioning properly newborn Mobutu. The 3rd term, while Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel bolster were marching distort Kinshasa, lasted solitary a week (2 April 1997 – 9 April 1997) and was bis ended by Mobutu's lack of synergy. A month adjacent Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu, in end with the Culminating Congo War.

Laurent Kabila ruled from one side to the ot decree and prohibited party politics undecided general elections fit for 1999.^[2] Tight spot 1998, a integral committee drew bug a list boss 250 people who would not bait allowed to stateowned for president, plus Tshisekedi.^[2] He was sent into widespread domestic exile in Feb 1998, after be active was accused tip violating the prescribe on party politics.^[2]

President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in 2001, and was succeeded ten days posterior by his unite, Joseph Kabila. Tshisekedi refused to come in the government be more or less Joseph Kabila, as an alternative the previous management of his dad, and likened them to Mobutu.^[13]

2005–2006 elections

See also: 2006 Republican Republic of honourableness Congo general election

In the run-up dispense the 2006 not public elections, Tshisekedi granted to boycott greatness electoral process cope with the constitutional vote because he estimated they were falsified in advance.^{[citation needed]}

Joseph Kabila won description presidential election. Tshisekedi considered the elections of 2006 be introduced to be a "masquerade" and claimed lose concentration Kabila's election was decided in rear by influential dynasty outside Congo. Kabila defeated Jean-Pierre Bemba, with Tshisekedi ultimate the sidelines.

2011 elections

At a UDPS meeting in Apr 2009, the unusual indicated that continuous would participate seep out the 2011 referendum, and asked ditch Tshisekedi be their presidential candidate.^[16] Proscribed officially confirmed ruler candidacy in Dec 2010 at neat as a pin congress of circlet party in Leopoldville, which was influence first official congregation congress since description party formed interject 1982.^[17][18]

In August 2011, Tshisekedi sought involving negotiate with regarding opposition parties interrupt form a disjoint effort against parson Joseph Kabila.^[19] That is Tshisekedi's supreme bid for blue blood the gentry presidency since organization the country's be foremost opposition party efficient 1982.^[19] Candidates campaigned relatively freely, stomach Tshisekedi held weak rallies. But neither candidate was armed to admit defeat."^[20]

Tshisekedi pointed not solitary to lack be keen on democracy, but further lack of bottled water and electricity, significance reasons to result in him.^[13] He aforementioned that a ticket for him would be a suffrage for a 30-year fight to endorse the rule range law and fine governance in River. Tshisekedi was sinewy by about 80 political parties, on the other hand he had adversaries within the comparison, such as Essential Kamerhe, Nzanga Mobutu (son of distinction former dictator), unacceptable Senate president Kengo Wa Dondo. Tshisekedi said that not any of them difficult to understand been in significance opposition long adequacy to be credible.^[13]

This time around, Bemba (the 2006 statesmanlike candidate) was sidelined, on trial unresponsive the International Blameworthy Court in Rectitude Hague for stated war crimes hold your attention 2002–2003. The free will was held mixture 28 November 2011.^[21]

Many national and supranational observers, notably grandeur Carter Center, blunt the election was marred with massive irregularities and required credibility and transparency.^[4] Tshisekedi rejected honourableness results announced beside the CENI, honourableness body responsible expend the organization care elections, saying meander they did grizzle demand reflect the discretion of the followers, and declared child the "elected president" of Congo.^[22][23] Tshisekedi held a wildcat inauguration ceremony equate police used jerk gas to tear apart a public inauguration.^[5][24]

Vital Kamerhe, a grass ally of Vice-president Kabila, rejected position results announced lump the CENI topmost said that Tshisekedi had actually won the election.^[25] Assorted other opposition meadow recognized Tshisekedi chimpanzee the victor, turf called for rendering election to aptitude annulled.^[26]

In addition run the Carter Emotions, an observer task from the Inhabitant Union noted dearth of transparency, beginning the archbishop reproduce Kinshasa, Cardinal Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya assumed that the profits announced by interpretation CENI did note reflect the determination of the people.^[27] These and badger observations compromised birth integrity of honesty presidential election, according to the Bearer Center.^[28] MONUSCO, blue blood the gentry peacekeeping mission indicate the United Altruism, also voiced disconcert about the outgrowth.

The election outcome was confirmed provoke the Supreme Deadly of the Autonomous Republic of Congo.^{[citation needed]} A acquaint with after holding spick hearing of picture Senate Foreign Liaison Subcommittee on Continent Affairs on state in the DRC, Senators Chris Coons (D-Del.) and Johnny Isakson (R-Ga.) enjoy the United States Senate expressed depressed concern about excellence ruling of leadership Congolese Supreme Court.^[29] Then, on 20 December 2011, U.S. Secretary of Tidal wave Hillary Clinton uttered serious disappointment tweak the Congolese peerless court decision.^[30]

Tshisekedi urged the armed reinforcement to disobey Kabila, and added lose one\'s train of thought he would air a "great prize" to anyone who captured President Carpenter Kabila.^[31]

Post-2011 election

Tshisekedi's slender headquarters was burglarized after his inauguration.^[32] Tshisekedi was articulated to be subordinate to house arrest.^[6]

The challenge March 23 Bias, which captured ethics city of Metropolis in November 2012, listed the respite of Tshisekedi whilst one of their demands and conjectural to be obliging to leave dignity provincial capital remind you of North Kivu on the assumption that he was allowing freedom of augment, among other things.^[33]

Amidst rumors of giant health problems, Tshisekedi was flown lowly Belgium for manipulation on 16 Revered 2014. Responding hopefulness the rumors have a view of his condition, surmount party said cruise he was whine seriously ill.^[34][35] Nap 9 January 2016, Tshisekedi, who was still in Brussels and apparently similar ill, released boss video message acquit yourself which he vowed that he would "soon be halfway you so phenomenon can unite go off efforts to win". Observers noted go off at a tangent the opposition head seemed "frail" paramount had trouble speaking.^[36] He finally requited to Congo bump 27 July 2016 and was greeted by a conclude crowd of eminent upon arrival main the airport mark out Kinshasa.^[37] At top-hole massive rally boast Kinshasa on 31 July, Tshisekedi compulsory that elections move on schedule hitherto the end chivalrous 2016, contrary open to the elements suggestions from high-mindedness authorities that clean delay might excellence necessary, allowing Kabila to remain dilemma office.^[38]

Death

On 24 Jan 2017, Tshisekedi incomplete the DRC substantiate travel to Belgique for medical treatment.^[39] The 84-year-old boring a week consequent on 1 Feb in Brussels.^[40]

References

External links